Publications

By: Kiran Kang

Amendments to the Family Law Act (S.B.C. 2011, c.25) (the “FLA”) came into effect on May 11, 2023 when Bill 17, the Family Law Amendment Act, 2023 (“Bill 17”) received royal assent.

The new amendments offer welcome guidance to individuals and lawyers faced with issues pertaining to evidentiary challenges arising in the context of excluded property claims, clarification of excluded property in family law claims, issues relating to pet ownership amongst separating spouses, and pension division.

Changes to Evidentiary Requirements

There is a new section 81.1 in the FLA which removes the presumption of advancement and the presumption of resulting trust as evidence in determining ownership of property under the FLA.

Section 81.1 specifically states:

The presumption of advancement refers to a common law doctrine which presumes that when property is transferred between spouses, the transaction constitutes a gift to the recipient spouse. The application of the presumption of advancement in excluded property claims created significant discord. It unfortunately resulted in inconsistent judgments in British Columbia as courts were required to determine whether one spouse intended to make a gift, or whether the spouse could make a claim for excluded property.

A common example is when one spouse utilizes their inheritance monies (excluded under section 85 of the FLA) to purchase a home in joint names with their spouse. The presumption of advancement presumes that by putting the home in joint names, the spouse intended to make a gift to the other spouse, thereby causing one spouse to lose their exclusion. To address competing claims by parties, courts were forced to look at the intention of the parties at the time of the transfer and make a determination. Unfortunately, as noted above, this resulted in two competing approaches, one being that the presumption of advancement overruled the excluded property section of the FLA, and the second approach upholding spousal claims for excluded property. The addition of section.81.1 will hopefully provide much needed clarity to an otherwise polarized and inconsistent body of law.

The presumption of resulting trust presumes that when an adult parent transfers property to an adult child without consideration (or for free), the child is holding the property in trust for the parent. This presumption is no longer applicable in questions respecting ownership of property between spouses.

It is important to note that section 81.1 does not apply to pre-existing proceedings.

Changes to Excluded Property

Section 85(1) classifies certain types of property as excluded property under the FLA. Common types of excluded property are:
a) property acquired by a spouse pre-relationship;
b) inheritances to a spouse;
c) gifts to a spouse from a third party; and
d) settlement monies or an award of damages to a spouse for compensation for injury or loss.

Section 85(2) stipulates that the spouse claiming excluded property is responsible for demonstrating that it is excluded.

Section 85 is amended by adding the following subsection:

This proposed amendment is significant because it squarely addresses the discord between the presumption of advancement and division of excluded property and enables parties to claim their excluded property even if the property has been transferred into the name of the other spouse.

Going back to the example above, if Spouse A uses their inheritance monies to purchase a home for their family, and registers it in joint names with Spouse B, the law no longer presumes that Spouse A intended to make a gift to Spouse B. If Spouse B wants to make a claim for division of the excluded property, they will need to do so under section 96 of the FLA.

The new section 96 of the FLA states:

Division of excluded property

96 The Supreme Court must not order a division of excluded property unless

It is important to note that it still remains open to the court to divide excluded property; albeit, on consideration of the factors above.

Changes to Ownership of Pets

The FLA has been modernized to reflect the unique relationship between individuals and their companion animals and the implications of separation on both.

Under the common law, pets have been treated as personal property subject to the overall division of family property and debt in family law claims. When determining ownership, courts considered factors such as who paid for the pet upon purchase or adoption, who signed the purchase or adoption contract, who has been paying for veterinary and food bills, and whose name is the pet registered under at the veterinary clinic.

Section 1 of the FLA now defines a companion animal as “an animal that is kept primarily for the purpose of companionship”. Section 3.1 of the FLA clarifies what a companion animal is not, namely a companion animal is not a guide dog or service dog, an animal kept as part of a business, or an animal kept for agricultural purposes.

Section 97(4.1) is a significant addition to the FLA which states:

Interestingly, the factors set out at section 97(4.1) closely resemble the factors set out at section 37 of the FLA being the best interests of child factors. Courts will now be required to undertake an analysis of the factors set out in section 97(4.1) when determining pet custody and rights. As such, it appears that companion animals will now be treated like the family members that they are rather than as personal property which they have been historically relegated as under the common law.

It should be noted that courts are not permitted to declare joint ownership of a companion animal or require separated spouses to share possession, or custody, of the companion animal.

Amendments in the FLA pertaining to companion animals are set to come into force by regulation of the Lieutenant Governor in Council.

Changes to Part 6: Pension Division

There have been significant changes made to Part 6 of the FLA pertaining to Pension Division. A few selected highlights are below:

• Section 113 allows for a deceased spouse’s personal representative to file a notice to cause the spouse’s estate to become a limited member of certain types of pension plans.
• A new section (Division 2.1) has been added to address the division of benefits in a LIRA or LIF. This is not yet in effect and will come into force by regulation of the Lieutenant Governor in Council.
• Section 118.1 clarifies the circumstances in which either Part 5 (Property Division) or Part 6 (Pension Division) of the FLA applies to the division of an annuity. This is not yet in effect and will come into force by regulation of the Lieutenant Governor in Council.
• Section 122 clarifies that the allocation of a member’s disability benefits does not affect the division of other benefits under a plan.
• Section 124 allows for the calculation of the commuted value of a limited member’s proportionate share of benefits under a plan to be made as of a valuation date set by regulation.
• Section 126 revises the way a spouse may waive their entitlement to survivor benefits under a pension. This is not yet in effect and will come into force by regulation of the Lieutenant Governor in Council.

• Section 140 clarifies that a plan administrator must deduct a specified fee from the payment of benefits unless the fee is paid by one or both spouses. This is not yet in effect and will come into force by regulation of the Lieutenant Governor in Council.

The changes to the FLA will undoubtedly affect separating and divorcing couples in some way. Contact any member of our Family Law team of lawyers for help navigating through these issues.